Outlining Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Outlining Policy - Research Paper Example It is therefore imperative that every educational institution establishes labor policies that would avoid discrimination in processes such as hiring, instruction, dismissal, and tenure thereby helping the institution to avoid discriminatory lawsuits. To establish all-round policies that allow the management and administration to address stakeholder needs and ensure that favoritism and unfairness do not reign in a public school, there are certain guidelines that should be observed (Ewing et al., 2005). This paper explores the labor policy guidelines that should define an organization’s hiring, dismissal, tenure, and instructional policies. Hiring Policy Labor laws require that the hiring policies in a public school should not make a job seeker hold the opinion that he/she is being treated unfavorable compared to the others. There are several reasons for which job seekers may feel they are getting unfair or unfavorable treatment. These reasons include age, religion, gender, disa bility, race, skin color, and nationality. It is therefore imperative upon every public school to ensure that such favoritism do not occur in their hiring practices, policies, and procedures (Befort & Budd, 2009). Just like any kind of discrimination is not required in any facet of employment, so it applies to hiring processes. In fact, once discrimination is allowed to permeate the hiring stage, chances are high it would be widespread in the later processes such as dismissal, transfer, and promotion. Discrimination based on ethnicity, national origin, age, gender, and mental or physical disability should thus be eliminated in public schools to avoid lawsuits. The reason being, failure to establish and implement these nondiscriminatory hiring practices would contravene certain labor regulations and laws that provide for fairness and nondiscrimination in hiring processes. For instance, there are laws that forbid age discrimination in offering employment except in certain special case s (Keshawn & Arn, 2005). It is therefore important that public school administrators get conversant with the laws governing the process of hiring in the relevant areas or job description. It is also illegal in many countries to discriminate based on one’s religion while hiring workers unless radicalism and excessive negative attitudes and consequences are apparent. Nonetheless, it is necessary that the concerned institutions follow the due process and the law when hiring, one’s religion and other social alienation notwithstanding. When hiring and considering peoples’ skills, positions to be filled, the responsibilities to be given, and the qualifications required for a job, it is also discriminatory to eliminate job seekers on the basis of their gender. Otherwise, lawsuits and compensations are likely to follow. Once an individual has been hired, the tenure of office, the terms, and conditions of their service are the other tricky aspects of employment that orga nizations must handle fairly and without favor. Tenure Policy There is a unanimous call in the education labor movement for the overhaul of the contemporary concept of tenure in many sectors of the economy. In fact, some stakeholders

Formal Presentation Tactics Essay Example for Free

Formal Presentation Tactics Essay Presentations, unlike reports, carry the personality of a speaker, simultaneously allowing for interaction between all participants involved. A good presentation is hinged on precise, well researched content as well as a clear well laid out structure. Simply put, content relates to information useful to the people. It differs significantly from presentations to reports. The latter are analyzed at the readers’ pace but the former must account for the amount of information that can be assimilated in a single sitting. The structure followed must be logical, sequenced as well as suitably paced so that the audience can effectively follow the proceedings. Other salient aspects are packaging and the human element. Presentations must be well prepared for the audience is literally at the presenter’s mercy; they do not have the option of rereading certain portions or skipping others altogether. The human element, when used effectively, contributes greatly to the success of any presentation (Clark, 2007). The importance of preparation cannot be overstated. It may be a threadbare cliche, but failure to prepare really is preparation to fail. Research is vital both in term of content and the audience. The material presented must be accurate, supported with credible illustrations. Simple concise statements of intent usually assist in defining the scope of a presentation. Presenters must also establish the nature of the audience it terms of level of education, employment cadre and familiarity with the language. The findings serve as an indicator of the jargon the presenter may use as well as the vocabulary used. This aspect also defines the audience’s aims and objectives as for attending the presentation (Blair, n. d. ). If this is not effectively done, there will be little communication, rendering the entire presentation an exercise in futility. The introduction of any presentation is vital. Based on this aspect alone, it is possible to determine success. It is not enough to attract the attention of the audience; presenters must sustain it. One of the most effective ways of doing this is to establish a theme that the presentation will revolve around. This works well with a quick breakdown of the presentation’s guiding structure and an establishment of a rapport with the audience. Apart from maintaining the audience’s attention, it allows both parties to feel comfortable and significantly reduces the presenter’s level of anxiety. A good beginning deserves an equally good ending. Some experts dispense with the idea of starting the conclusion by stating that it is a recapitulation of the presentation as people may switch off. They favor either a sudden end marked with a phrase that will linger in the memories of the audience, or with a flourish, pace as well as voice carrying listener through a powerful crescendo (Blair, n. d. ). Preparing the body of the presentation does not translate to writing down the speech word for word. Having the main points on cards provides an outline as well as an effective memory jogger. Important questions to keep in mind, as stated in the research phase are the purpose, the nature of people attending, their familiarity on the subject and audience’s attitude towards the speaker. Other options to explore in terms of the structure of the body are timeline, problem/solution, classification, climax and complex to simple (or vice versa) layout (Clark, 2007). In contemporary group communication, visual aids are vital as they reinforce the delivery of the verbal message. Technology has lent itself to this respect, allowing for larger audiences to participate. Behavioral studies suggest that novelty and creativity in the application of visual aids is a major contributor to the success of a presentation. An example is displaying four different styles of hats when describing four major functions of project managers. With traditional aids, the rule of thumb is to employ different slides for distinct purposes; they should not be there at all if they have no purpose. Slides should not be cluttered as it has the counteractive effect of confusing the audience, rather than elucidating verbal message. Presenters must speak to their audience, as opposed to the visual aids. Therefore they must be thoroughly conversant with every slide to avoid presenting their backs to the audience as they struggle to explain what is going on. Legibility, color, contrast and size are factors to consider in the design of each slide. Everyone in the room should easily follow the aids without movement or strain. Delivery is another pillar of presentations. Presenters on one hand have the ability to enhance a presentation manifold and on the other, butcher it. The discussions of this aspect start with focus on the eyes. The fact that they are usually described as windows to the soul indicates that they are the first, most effective instruments in convincing people of speakers’ openness, honesty and their confidence in the material they are presenting. Herein lies the importance of maintaining eye contact. Doing so with all sections of the audience, accompanied by the hint of a smile convinces an audience that the presenter acknowledges and values their presence. Voice is the next aspect to assess, particularly variation and projection. However, projection does not mean shouting. Carefully watching the audience is the best indicator of the level of audibility. Voice variation is so powerful that it can make a well prepared presentation appear dull or make transform a boring topic into an exciting one. This aspect rules out monotonic speeches and their soporific effect. Changes in tone and well timed poses emphasize delineation and express certain feelings, moods and emotions. Rhetorical questions have proved useful in this respect as they inherently have tone variations at the end (Blair, n. d. ). Body language, expressed through appearance and stance are other important elements under the topic of formal presentation tactics. Posture as well as body orientation communicate a multitude of messages. By standing erect while leaning forward, speakers express approachability, receptiveness and friendliness. Gestures also play their role by making the content of the presentation more interesting in addition to facilitating understanding (Clark, 2007). The topic of speaker anxiety has been tackled from a number of angles. Some people insist on the impact of a simple change in attitude (Sathoff, 2008) while others encourage speakers to embrace nerves. The thinking behind the proposal is premised on the â€Å"flight or fight† condition occasioned by the release of adrenaline. Welcoming and recognizing nerves allows speakers to gain the edge by taking the fight option. They tackle the challenge of the presentation better, achieving better results than they envisaged. Attitude change encompasses positive thinking, mental visualizations of the task at hand and the belief that mistakes are part and parcel of the learning process. In all cases, deep breaths and short water breaks are of great help. Alcohol is not an option, as misinformed parties claim (Clark, 2007). Formal presentations are powerful avenues for self expression. Practice really does make perfect. Listening and watching self recordings allows for self discovery. Presenters can assess their performance and improvement against a checklist. Watching seasoned presenters in their element provides tried and tested success tricks. It is quite heartening to learn that oral presentation skills can easily be learned. Works Cited: Blair, G. M. , â€Å"Presentation Skills for Emergent Managers†, n. d. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. see. ed. ac. uk/~gerard/Management/art1. html Clark, D. R. , â€Å"Presentation Skills†, 2007. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadpres. html Sathoff, R. , â€Å"Speaker Tips†, 2008. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. ed-u. com/publicspeaking. htm

The P2P Piracy Prevention Act Attacks Consumers Essay example -- Techn

The P2P Piracy Prevention Act Attacks Consumers Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have had a staggering growth in the past few years. Since Napster, dozens of P2P networks have been created in its imitation. Due to the growing accessibility of broadband, which increases the speed of downloads, P2P networks generate nearly 1.8 billion downloads per month. Popularity and acceptance is still continually growing. As many users see P2P software as just file sharing, entertainment industries and other big companies see it as copyright infringement and stealing from copyright owners without their rightful authorization or compensation. These companies complain that P2P file sharing threatens the survival of the industries and believe that there should be a law passed to protect the livelihood of the copyright holders. For some time now companies, copyright owners and Congress have tried to develop a security standard to protect copyrighted works from unauthorized reproduction and distribution, but they have not yet found a thoroughly effective solution. They know that shutting down all P2P networks is not the right response since file sharing is valuable to some extent since its method of sharing and transferring information supports a variety of efficient business models. Instead they want to deal with the copyright infringements that P2P networks facilitate. An option that copyright owners have considered toward protecting their works from circulating in P2P networks is to use a variety of technological tools to prevent piracy. Such tools would be capable of blocking, decoying and redirecting the connections of unauthorized copyrighted file transfers. However, federal and state laws such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of ... ...ew models and adapting to newer ideas than trying to save their old ones. It is also up to the consumers to persuade these companies that they are willing to pay for entertainment as long as they can keep up with their demands. Works Cited Delio, Michelle. Wired News. July 27, 2002. The Dark Side of Hacking Bill. http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,54153,00.html Frequently Asked Questions about the P2P Piracy Prevention Act http://www.house.gov/berman/p2p_faq.html Maguire, James. Opinion: P2P War Gets Nasty. Yahoo! News. May 13, 2003. http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nf/20030512/tc_nf/21489 P2P Piracy Prevention Act. Be Spacific. http://www.bespacific.com/mt/archives/002639.html">http://www.bespacific.com/mt/archives/002639.html Regan, Keith. Report: Many File-Swappers Buying Legit Music. E-Commerce Times. May 8, 2003 The P2P Piracy Prevention Act Attacks Consumers Essay example -- Techn The P2P Piracy Prevention Act Attacks Consumers Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have had a staggering growth in the past few years. Since Napster, dozens of P2P networks have been created in its imitation. Due to the growing accessibility of broadband, which increases the speed of downloads, P2P networks generate nearly 1.8 billion downloads per month. Popularity and acceptance is still continually growing. As many users see P2P software as just file sharing, entertainment industries and other big companies see it as copyright infringement and stealing from copyright owners without their rightful authorization or compensation. These companies complain that P2P file sharing threatens the survival of the industries and believe that there should be a law passed to protect the livelihood of the copyright holders. For some time now companies, copyright owners and Congress have tried to develop a security standard to protect copyrighted works from unauthorized reproduction and distribution, but they have not yet found a thoroughly effective solution. They know that shutting down all P2P networks is not the right response since file sharing is valuable to some extent since its method of sharing and transferring information supports a variety of efficient business models. Instead they want to deal with the copyright infringements that P2P networks facilitate. An option that copyright owners have considered toward protecting their works from circulating in P2P networks is to use a variety of technological tools to prevent piracy. Such tools would be capable of blocking, decoying and redirecting the connections of unauthorized copyrighted file transfers. However, federal and state laws such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of ... ...ew models and adapting to newer ideas than trying to save their old ones. It is also up to the consumers to persuade these companies that they are willing to pay for entertainment as long as they can keep up with their demands. Works Cited Delio, Michelle. Wired News. July 27, 2002. The Dark Side of Hacking Bill. http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,54153,00.html Frequently Asked Questions about the P2P Piracy Prevention Act http://www.house.gov/berman/p2p_faq.html Maguire, James. Opinion: P2P War Gets Nasty. Yahoo! News. May 13, 2003. http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nf/20030512/tc_nf/21489 P2P Piracy Prevention Act. Be Spacific. http://www.bespacific.com/mt/archives/002639.html">http://www.bespacific.com/mt/archives/002639.html Regan, Keith. Report: Many File-Swappers Buying Legit Music. E-Commerce Times. May 8, 2003

Factors Affecting Solubility

There are three main factors that control solubility of a solute. (1) Temperature (2) Nature of solute or solvent (3) Pressure EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Generally in many cases solubility increases with the rise in temperature and decreases with the fall of temperature but it is not necessary in all cases. However we must follow two behaviours: In endothermic process, solubility increases with the increase in temperature and vice versa. For example: solubility of potassium nitrate increases with the increase in temperature. In exothermic process, solubility decrease with the increase in temperature.For example: solubility of calcium oxide decreases with the increase in temperature. Gases are more soluble in cold solvent than in hot solvent. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent. A polar solute dissolved in polar solvent. Solubility of a non-polar solute in a solvent is large. A polar solute has low solubil ity or insoluble in a non-polar solvent. EFFECT OF PRESSURE The effect of pressure is observed only in the case of gases. An increase in pressure increases of solubility of a gas in a liquid.For example carbon dioxide is filled in cold drink bottles (such as coca cola, Pepsi 7up etc. ) under pressure. Properties of Solution Concentration The concentration of a solution is the measure of how much solute and solvent there is. A solution is concentrated if it contains a large amount of solute, or dilute if contains a small amount. Molarity Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. It is abbreviated with the symbol M, and is sometimes used as a unit of measurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molar solution of HCl. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HCl for every 10 litres of water (or whatever the solvent as). Molality Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is abbreviated with the symbol m (lowercase), and is sometimes used as a unit of me asurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molal solution of HBr. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HBr for every 10 kilograms of water (or whatever the solvent was). Mole Fraction The mole fraction is simply the moles of solute per moles of solution. As an example, you dissolve one mole of NaCl into three moles of water. Remember that the NaCl will dissociate into its ions, so there are now five moles of particles: one mole Na+, one mole Cl-, and three moles water.The mole fraction of sodium is 0. 2, the mole fraction of chloride is 0. 2, and the mole fraction of water is 0. 6. The mole fraction is symbolized with the Greek letter (chi), which is often written simply as an X. Dilution Dilution is adding solvent to a solution to obtain a less concentrated solution. Perhaps you have used dilution when running a lemonade stand. To cut costs, you could take a half-full jug of rich, concentrated lemonade and fill it up with water. The resulting solution would have the same total amount of sugar a nd lemon juice, but double the total volume. Its flavour would be weaker due to the added water.The key concept is that the amount of solute is constant before and after the dilution process. The concentration is decreased (and volume increased) only by adding solvent. Thus, the number of moles of solute before and after dilution are equal. moles1 = moles2 By definition of molarity, you can find the moles of solvent. M x V = moles Substituting the second equation into the first gives the dilution equation. M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 To determine the amount of solvent (usually water) that must be added, you must know the initial volume and concentration, and the desired concentration.Solving for V2 in the above equation will give you the total volume of the diluted solution. Subtracting the initial volume from the total volume will determine the amount of pure solvent that must be added. Ionic Solutes When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they separate into ions. This process is called diss ociation. Note that because of dissociation, there are more moles of particles in the solution containing ions than there would be with the solute and solvent separated. If you have two glasses of water, and you dissolve salt into one and sugar into the other, there will be a big difference in concentration.The salt will dissociate into its ions, but sugar (a molecule) will not dissociate. If the salt were NaCl, the concentration would be double that of the sugar. If the salt were MgCl2, the concentration would be triple (there are three ions). Solubility Rules Not all ionic compounds are soluble. Some ionic compounds have so much attractive force between their anions and cations that they will not dissociate. These substances are insoluble and will not dissolve. Instead, they clump together as a solid in the bottom of solution. Many ionic compounds, however, will dissociate in water and dissolve.In these cases, the attractive force between ion and water is greater than that between cation and anion. There are several rules to help you determine which compounds will dissolve and which will not. Solubility Rules 1. All compounds with Group 1 ions or ammonium ions are soluble. 2. Nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble. 3. Compounds containing a halogen are soluble, except those with fluorine, silver, or mercury. If they have lead, they are soluble only in hot water. 4. Sulfates are soluble, except when combined with silver, lead, calcium, barium, or strontium. . Carbonates, sulfides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates are insoluble, except for rule #1. 6. Hydroxides are insoluble except when combined with calcium, barium, strontium, or rule #1. Sometimes, when two different ionic compounds are dissolved, they react, forming a precipitate that is insoluble. Predicting these reactions requires knowledge of the activity series and solubility rules. These reactions can be written with all ions, or without the spectator ions (the ion that don't react, present o n both sides of the reaction), a format known as the net ionic equation.For example, silver nitrate is soluble, but silver chloride is not soluble (see the above rules). Mixing silver nitrate into sodium chloride would cause a cloudy white precipitate to form. This happens because of a double replacement reaction. Electrolytes When solutes dissociate (or if a molecule ionizes), the solution can conduct electricity. Compounds that readily form ions, thus being good conductors, are known as strong electrolytes. If only a small amount of ions are formed, electricity is poorly conducted, meaning the compound is a weak electrolyte.A strong electrolyte will dissolve completely. All ions dissociate. A weak electrolyte, on the other hand, will partially dissociate, but some ions will remain bonded together. Colligative Properties Some properties are the same for all solute particles regardless of what kind. These are known as the colligative properties. These properties apply to ideal solut ions, so in reality, the properties may not be exactly as calculated. In an ideal solution, there are no forces acting between the solute particles, which is generally not the case. Vapor PressureAll liquids have a tendency for their surface molecules to escape and evaporate, even if the liquid is not at its boiling point. This is because the average energy of the molecules is too small for evaporation, but some molecules could gain above average energy and escape. Vapor pressure is the measure of the pressure of the evaporated vapor, and it depends on the temperature of the solution and the quantities of solute. More solute will decrease vapor pressure. The vapor pressure is given by Rauolt's Law, where X is the mole fraction of the solvent.Notice that the vapor pressure equals that of the pure solvent when there is no solute (X = 1). If X = 0, there would be no vapor pressure at all. This could only happen if there were no solvent, only solute. A solid solute has no vapor pressure . P solution = P pure solvent (X solvent) If two volatile substances (both have vapor pressures) are in solution, Rauolt's Law is still used. In this case, Rauolt's Law is essentially a linear combination of the vapor pressures of the substances. Two liquids in solution both have vapor pressures, so this equation must be used. P solution = P1 (X1) + P2(X2)The second equation shows the relationship between the solvents. If two liquids were mixed exactly half-and-half, the vapor pressure of the resulting solution would be exactly halfway between the vapor pressures of the two solvents. Another relation in Henry's Law, which shows the relationship between gas and pressure. It is given by Cg = k Pg , where C is concentration and P is pressure. As the pressure goes up, the concentration of gas in solution must also increase. This is why soda cans release gas when they are opened – The decrease in pressure results in a decrease in concentration of CO2 in the soda.Boiling Point Elev ation A liquid reaches its boiling point when its vapor pressure is equal to the atmosphere around it. Because the presence of solute lowers the vapor pressure, the boiling point is raised. The boiling point increase is given by: ?T solution = Kb X m solution The reduced vapor pressure increases the boiling point of the liquid only if the solute itself is non-volatile, meaning it doesn't have a tendency to evaporate. For every mole of non-volatile solute per kilogram of solvent, the boiling point increases by a constant amount, known as the molal boiling-point constant (Kb).Because this is a colligative property, K2 is not affected by the kind of solute. Freezing Point Depression A liquid reaches its freezing temperature when its vapor pressure is equal to that of its solid form. Because the presence of the solute lowers the vapor pressure, the freezing point is lowered. The freezing point depression is given by: ? T solution = K f X m solute Again, this equation works only for non- volatile solutes. The temperature of the freezing point decreases by a constant amount for every one mole of solute added per kilogram solvent. This constant (K f) is known as the molar freezing-point constant.Osmosis If you studied biology, you would know that osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane. If two solutions of different molarity are placed on opposite sides of a semipermiable membrane, then water will travel through the membrane to the side with higher molarity. This happens because the water molecules are â€Å"attached† to the solvent molecules, so they cannot travel through the membrane. As a result, the water on the side with lower molarity can more easily travel through the membrane than the water on the other side. The pressure of this osmosis is given in the equation. ? = MRTWhere pi is the pressure, M is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. Electrolytes and Colligative Properties When one mole of table salt is added t o water, the colligative effects are double those that would have occurred if sugar were added instead. This is because the salt dissociates, forming twice as many particles as sugar would. This dissociation, called the Van't Hoff Factor describes how many particles that are dissociated into the solution and must be multiplied into the Boiling Point Elevation or Vapor Pressure Lowering equations. Different ways of expressing the concentration of solutionsMass Percentage The mass percentage of a component in a given solution is the mass of the component per 100g of the solution. For e. g. , if WA is the mass of the component A, WB is the mass of the component B in a solution. Then, Example: A 10% solution of sodium chloride in water (by mass) means that 10g of sodium chloride are present in 100g of the solution. Volume percentage This unit is used in case of a liquid dissolved in another liquid. The volume percentage is defined as the volume of the solute per 100 parts by volume of s olution. For e. g. , If VA is the volume of component A present is Vsol volume of the solution.Then, For e. g. , a 10% solution of ethanol C2H5OH, in water (by volume) means that 10cm3 of ethanol is present in 100cm3 of the solution. Strength of a solution is defined as the amount of the solute in gms, present in one litre of the solution. It is expressed as gL-1. Mathematically, Molarity Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Mathematically, For e. g. , If ‘a' is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Molarity is expressed by the symbol M. It can also be expressed as, NormalityNormality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents (gm. e) of a solute dissolved per litre of the given solution. Mathematically it is, For e. g. , If a is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Normality is expressed by the symbol N. It can also be expressed as, Relationship between molarity and normality The molarity and normality of a solution is related to each other as follows: Molality Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g of a solvent. Mathematically, it is expressed as Molality is expressed by the symbol m.Molality does not change with temperature. Formality In case of ionic compounds like KCl, CaCO3 etc. Formality is used in place of molarity. It is the number of gram formula masses of solute dissolved per liter of the solution. It is denoted by the symbol F. Mathematically it is given as, Mole Fraction It is the ratio of number of moles of one component (solute or solvent) to the total number of moles of all the components (solute and solvent) present in the solution. It is denoted by the symbol X. Let us suppose that a solution contains two components A and B and suppose that nA moles of A and nB moles of B are present in the solution then,Adding eq (i) and (ii) we g et XA + XB = 1 Parts per million (ppm) When a solute is present in very small amounts, its concentration is expressed in parts per million. It is defined as the amount of the solute present in one million parts of the solution. It may be noted that the concentration units like molarity, mole fraction etc. are preferred as they involve the weight of the solute and solvent, which is independent of the temperature. But units like, molarity, normality etc. , involve volume of the solution, hence changes with temperature.

Entertainment Is Something Which Distracts Our Daily Life Routine Essay

What is entertainment? There are many definitions of entertainment but I look at it as something which diverts or may distract us from our daily life routine. It helps us relax for periods of time thus forget our worries and cares; our habits and thoughts are interrupted, it rests our minds and nerves, though it can also drain our energies thus exhaust our bodies (Herbert, 2012). There are multiple forms of entertainment that are in play nowadays that people find a good way to release themselves from the daily life routines. Entertainment has many forms that are endless but the main agenda is to divulge us from the daily patterns of life .In the resent generation people have been looking for better and easier ways to forge a living in a simpler manner, therefore making recreation or entertainment the most available solution to releasing them from never-ending stress and responsibilities in their daily lives (Herbert, 1946). Entertainment diverts our thoughts to moments of laxity and less care to our worries and anxieties. Our worries can either bring our heart and mind to a low or bring us to a high, in a sense that it brings an immeasurable amount of adrenaline or a low to mean laxity of mind and less activity of body. And this immense adrenaline definitely is brought about by sporting activities. Sporting activities make most of the body parts to actively participate therefore making us have the feeling of our existence within. Again in the present times technology has greatly evolved forcing humans to evolve with it. With this aspect involved, we are now encircled by smart phones, internet and all kinds of similar gadgets like television sets and iPods which have a considerable amount of our daily working life and entertainment of which we can’t imagine our entertainment or leisure time without. Everything that we are involved with at this age in time is all about entertainment as Tony Robbins puts it (Herbert, 2012) . Reading and writing has been a form of entertainment for many people. This is by books, magazines, blogs reading and writing in internet or paper. To the children reading of comics of heroes like Bat man, Super man and many others makes the happy and entertained. Also children as opposed to the adults who write; they find it entertaining to draw patterns and characters on paper. All this is educative and entertaining at the same time because it moves us from daily patterns of life while we are adding knowledge. Marshall McLuhan say that anyone who tries to make a distinction between education and entertainment doesn’t know a thing about either dance; music and films have found their way into people’s definition of entertainment and recreation (Herbert, 1946). A huge number of entertainment gadgets presently have to have music or visual images to be considered as items of entertainment. This is the other good way that recreation time can be well utilized. This is found in social joint like pubs, bars, disco etc. From my perception, our personalities can be defined by how we choose our entertainment activities e.g. If you are into parachuting you might be quite crazy, courageous and also an energetic person. But one who spends hours drawing, he or she might be a shy person, maybe calm and may also you be a patient person. Some entertainment forms may prove illogical e.g. ten people chasing after one ball but all in all each of us is unique in his or her own way thus we have what we like more us compared to other things. In conclusion entertainment does distract us from daily life routine because it soothes our feelings thus making us happy for we create our own worlds and forget about the rest of the world. Different entertainment activities create a longer period of happiness in turn causing continuous distraction.

Food Security in Sydney

Food Security in Sydney Debate There has been rising debate as to whether local food systems as opposed to lengthy commodity chains would substantially reduce the high reliance of food systems on oil and carbon footprint. As part of the heightening debate on peak oil and global warming, the concept of reducing food miles (distance covered by food from the farm gate to the plate) has been of critical consideration for movements that seek to promote ecologically sustainable food systems.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Food Security in Sydney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been escalating concern on long-term debates about climate change, which has been caused by man, as well as on policies aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. These concerns have encouraged both academic researchers and activists to localize food systems. Peak oils have also been a debatable issue questioning the unsustainable dependence on non-renew able resources, oil, of conventional globalized food systems (Holloway 2007, p. 1-19). How Localized Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) differ from Conventional Globalized Systems Localizing food systems, also referred to as the shortening of supply chains, represents the apparent obverse of globalized food systems or lengthy commodity chains. It entails the shortening of food supply chains that link producers to consumers. Local alternative food networks (AFNs) unlike globalized food networks have re-embedded food production within the local context. Thereby, entailing a repeated return to artisanal methods and bringing about a reaction by certain consumers against standardized processed fast foods. As an alternative, traditional cuisines-slow food-are preferred based on the assumption that local food is of higher quality with more nutrient content than industrialized foods (Winter 2002, p. 23-32). The numerous human health scares reported in industrialized countries in the last ten years have been related to widely-present food bacteria, amounts of antibiotics used in intensive grain-feeding of ruminants, BSE (mad cow disease) associated with animal-sourced food wastes to feed animals and battery poultry production. As a result of great consumer-driven and state regulatory pressures, there has been rising concern on the traceability of foods and its local origin. Localized food systems are not associated with food scares about plant and animal diseases, animal welfare and pesticide but, this is the case of globalized food systems (Dixon, 2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Localized food systems reduce inputs of energy and petrochemicals in food production. Marketing organized foods from a local level will achieve this. This is because; a lot of energy and petrochemicals are substantially used due to increased food-miles, thereby reta iling food products through conventional food systems such as supermarkets. Nutrition related disorders are associated with food products that are based on the conventional style of food production. Sydney is one of those cities where public health problems like obesity are a clear indication that conventional food products affect one’s biological and physiological make-up. Localized foods are natural as they are derived from their natural setting and have prepared through natural means. Therefore, they do not have components that alter one’s body composition (Pederson Robertson, 2001). Localized AFNs are associated with a connection of food consumers with their food while taking note of how and where it is produced. In a variety of ways, localized AFNs place much emphasis on re-connecting individuals with food supplies and reconstructing trusted, rather than feared food chains. The direct connections between suppliers and their consumers enhance food security in soci ally disadvantaged societies. Localized AFNs aim at assisting communities address food insecurity with regard to access to nutritious food. Local AFNs offer nutrition education services aimed at improving people’s abilities and facilities useful in food preparation. Local AFNs unlike conventional globalized food systems provide individuals with home-cooked meals as a way of guiding the community on appropriate food consumption behaviour (Kneafsey 2008). There is no spatial reference of product in globalized food systems. The customer relationship is weak as there is no assistance in trying to comprehend food origin. As a result, products under the globalized food systems are referred to as space-less products. Localized AFNs on the other hand offer variable consumer information on the place, product, production as well as the spatial conditions of production.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Food Security in Sydney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship with customers is diverse ranging from face-to-face contact to distance purchasing. The processing and retailing systems under the conventional globalized food systems are traceable but privately regulated. They are not transparent but are highly standardized. On the contrary, the local/regional processing and retailing outlets are highly variable, transparent and traceable. They are spatially referenced and possess high quality designs (Kneafsey 2008). The local alternative food networks place emphasis on quality. Producers are focused on coming up with appropriate strategies that would capture value-added, new socio-technical specialization areas for development and new producer associations. Globalized food systems on the other hand focus on intensive production, which is associated with reduced farm prices and bulky supply input to corporate processors and/or retailers (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). Local AFNs un like conventional globalized food systems support the local farmer. This they achieve by increasing direct sales and permitting farmers to by-pass centralized food distribution systems where supermarkets dominate. The local AFNs appreciate the efforts of the local farmer, which are not governed by hormones or related enhancers aimed at increasing production. Instead, they promote safe, nutritious and healthy food without looking into convenience (Coley 2009, p. 150-155). Localized AFNs protect local land for food consumption. This is very important in preserving the urban biodiversity and open-space for peri-urban fringes. The localized ATNs are considered to have potential ability in improving animal welfare like in the case of range egg production.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Food localization is an appropriate approach to employ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting energy sustainability (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). The institutional frameworks in globalized food systems have got highly bureaucratized public and private regulation. There are hygienic models involved aimed at enhancing standardization of food products. National CAP support (Pillar I) is realized. On a different note, localized food systems do not have standardization regulations for products as the food products are acceptable for human consumption since they are produced through acceptable and human friendly means. Instead, regional development together with local authority facilitation forms a network that is involved in infrastructure building. Local and regional CAP support-Pillar II-is realized (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). The association frameworks in localized AFNs are based on trust. These networks are both competitive and collaborative. On the other side, glob alized food systems are highly technocratic. The association frameworks involved are for commercial purposes only as they lack trust. It is therefore apparent that AFNs place great emphasis on food quality and not price. This enhances the establishment of relationships between food suppliers and producers, and consumers. The aim here is to capture better returns compared with the locked in contracts with supermarkets chains. Brunori (2007 p.20) demonstrates that re-localizing food at times involve combinations of symbolic, relational and physical aspects. The symbolic aspect emphasizes on trust, quality and transparency while the physical aspect entails the designation of a certain area as ‘local’ and the ‘relational’ which entail the development of a variety of relationships between consumers and farmers. Limitations of Localized AFNs Globalized food systems are changing to local alternatives that are already taking effect in most developed countries inclu ding Australia. It is true that localized AFNs importance in providing food from local areas has increased as seen in some developed countries where organic fruits and vegetables are found in box-schemes as well as on certain stalls in farmer’s markets. Despite the fact that AFNs have increased in popularity since the late 1990s in developed countries, and that academic and activist literature is continuously growing out of proportion with regard to the contributions of localized AFNs to food provision, there are various issues which limit the actual role of the AFNs in food provision (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). Localized AFNs cannot be entirely separated from conventional food provision systems. Large supermarkets largely control a substantial share of food supply, delivery of information about food, and marketing. Supermarkets offer reduced prices to foods due to centralized distribution systems and economies of scale on paperwork, administration and advertising costs. Irresp ective of the fact that supermarket chains stock a range of fair trade products with the brand name ‘local food’, which are imported instead of being sourced locally, consumers continue to be highly influenced by such trends (Morgan, et al. 2006). Localized AFNs emphasize on quality, trust and safety with regard to their food systems. However, the global market trends influence consumers to the extent that most of the consumers buy food based on price or convenience. Dixon, an ANU-based researcher has presented significant research findings on consumer attitudes where convenience and price are first priority despite expressed interests by consumers desiring for social justice, higher levels of animal welfare and environmental sustainability. An example is the intensively farmed chicken in Australia. Most middle-class consumers were very much aware of the fact intensively farmed chicken were raised under poor conditions and were associated with negative long-term health effects due to the widespread usage of growth hormones. However, fast-food chickens were highly appreciated as they represented value for money. It was a convenient means through which one could provide a desirable meal for the family against tight family budgets (Dixon 2002). There is a highly held posit that localized AFNs are ‘trendy’ due to the fact that they mostly supply families with high income and who reside in the gentrified inner city suburbs or on the large outer lifestyle blocks in suburban rural areas. The actual relevance of the AFNs to low-income suburbanites has been contested through academic literature. As a result, the low-income suburbanites visit local and regional shopping complexes that are characterized by fast food outlets and supermarket chains (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). There is limited public awareness on the range of localized AFNs and their importance in as far as improving system sustainability is concerned. Limited infor mation on localized AFNs affects the rate of acceptance by individuals. Individuals are not fully aware of the essence of quality, trust and safety compared to convenience and price (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). Localized AFNs may be situated in distant areas thus increasing transport costs for individuals who prefer to travel to urban fringes instead of the local supermarket. The increased personal food miles contrary to systemic food-miles make it difficult for individuals to embrace localized AFNs. In addition to perceived high costs of products, increased transport costs makes it more difficult for people to visit the localized markets (Steel 2009). Food farmers are sceptical. In addition, they are not aware of how they should go about direct selling or getting into the localized market. Instead, they prefer the relative stability of supplying the supermarkets chains’ centralized logistic systems. The farmers also lack marketing and horticultural skills whic h are imperative for survival away from the conventional food systems. Research is limited in critical areas such as local embeddedness, which continues to prevail in food agriculture and industrialized globalized systems yet food agriculture and localized AFNs can be subjected to disembedding forces of technological change, money and capital (Morgan et al., 2006 p. 191). Localized AFNs lead to personal-household exploitation because low income families spend long hours of work on the AFNs. In addition, community- enterprise volunteers spend long hours during distribution and coordination of the AFNs. The many long hours spent on localized AFNs pose as a challenge because conventional food systems are fast and convenient; one does not need to spend too much time in production as there are systems put in place to help ease the workload (Pederson Robertson, 2001). Local biophysical factors such as soil quality, climate and loss of agricultural land due to urbanization are a huge chal lenge to localized AFNs as it becomes difficult to produce food within 100km of cities and industrialized regions in developed countries. It therefore becomes difficult for city dwellers to be locavores. Government regulation at the local, national and regional levels can greatly affect the AFNs. This is through local land use zoning and varied food industry regulation. These have a negative effect on localized farming. Such a situation can be observed in Sydney where 70% of high quality arable land has been found to be zoned for rural lifestyle (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). The figure below illustrates this: Small-scale farmers face the challenge imposed by industrialized farming through unsustainable cost burdens for national hygiene inspection systems that ensure food safety. Such costs involve compliance costs in accordance with regular food inspections and global regulations like quarantine and trade rules stipulated by World Trade Organization (WTO). These regul ations have come about due to a need of promoting health and safety in industrialized farming where handling of food to enhance production is obvious (Steel 2002). Political factors are also a huge challenge to the localized AFNs. There is an apparent lack of political consciousness with regard to inhibiting the operation of the AFNs because of over-regulation. This inhibition is a reflection of political interests in industrialized agriculture in addition to lack of knowledge. As reported by Holden, pressures realized from globalization are a crisis for the local farmers. Changing trends in industrialized farming unconsciously affect the small scale farmer who is not part of the mix up and competition that is evident in delocalized networks (cited in Lawrence 2004, p.137) Case study of Sydney There has been growing debate over the implications of climate change and related climate change policies. Attention is now on the vulnerability of large populations in principal food-producin g regions within Sydney such as the Murray-Darling Basin. Environmental degradation, drought and soil infertility have taken a huge toll on these food-producing zones. A region that once enjoyed the surplus of rice production has not made substantial rice production for a season but instead, has resorted to imports so that it can cater for its import and export needs. There is current debate on social histories and politics of the driest continent holding a top position as a great rice exporter. Sydney (Australia) could also accomplish this despite the fact that climate and environmental changes were apparent. Appropriate strategies would take the country there. In addition, there is debate on peak oil amidst a declined domestic oil production in Sydney, thus, heightening the issue of food security in Sydney (Steel 2009). The Sydney Food Fairness Alliance and the Australian Conservation Foundation endorsed a campaign aimed at reducing food miles travelled so as to meet the consumpti on needs of Australian cities. Globalization has been associated with tremendous increases in volumes of traded foods. Imported food from rich countries like the U. S., Italy and France are cheaper hence, the reason why imports in cities like Sydney have grown relatively faster compared with exports for the last 20 years. Sydney is not only involved in the importation of luxury food such as Roquefort cheese; supermarkets have been involved in increasing the stocks of processed vegetables like Italian tomatoes, Vietnam prawns and China’s garlic. These foods are grown in Australia but globalization has made importation cheaper despite the great food miles involved (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). The 20th century was a time when Sydney enjoyed diverse food supply but, the people here took this for granted. Food security has occasionally been conflated with bio-security for the last 30 years to ensure that plant and animal diseases do not enter Sydney from elsewhere. This ac tion was part of Sydney’s international relations and trade policies with major concern on those that related to developing counties in the Asia Pacific. The recent climatic changes has affected Australia’s principal producing regions thus, food security has been of focus by the Australian government’s foreign aid and trade policies. As a result, this has affected Sydney as it is part of Australia and everything that affects Australia, affects Sydney too. Water and soil management are other sustainability issues which have made the issue of food security in this region worse (Holden 2004). In Sydney, localized AFNs are different from globalized food networks as they assist the local farmer to get returns for his or her efforts through directing. They connect consumers with suppliers contrary to what happens with the globalized conventional food networks. The most successful local AFN scheme is the Food Connect. It is aimed at connecting 800 consumer-subscribers with 80 farmers. The community supported agriculture scheme also aims at connecting consumers with the local farmer but as of now, it is at its infancy stage in this region. The localized AFNs are mindful of the local farmer in the same way they are concerned about quality food provision in the region. Localized AFNs are a direction towards a healthy population without nutritional disorders that are mostly attributed to industrialized food products (Steel 2009). Localized AFNs are not associated with wastes and inefficiencies as is the case with industrialized food products in Sydney. Wastes and inefficiencies are associated with the surpluses and large stocks evident in supermarkets. Around 40% of stocked food in Sydney’s supermarkets has been discarded when it passes its ‘use-by’ date. Households have also been found to waste up to one-third of bought foods (Gaballa Abraham 2007). Globalized conventional food systems are more popular among the people in Sydney due to challenges associated with localized AFNs. The localised AFNs in Sydney face huge challenges due to various reasons. To start with, overall farm incomes have been falling. This has been attributed to the squeeze between rising costs of production and falling prices. As a result, farm debts have escalated and the returns on food products have been very little. Thereby, agriculture has remained unattractive to most farmers. Anticipated fluctuations in oil price are expected to have a negative effect on the localized AFNs by affecting on-farm production costs and transportation of food. The uncontrollable rise in food imports has affected localized AFNs in Sydney as farmers have lost confidence in food sovereignty, in a nation that is susceptible to carbon footprint (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). The popularity of localized AFNs in Sydney is continuously gaining momentum but is currently facing certain limitations. Since it is impossible to single out AFNs from glo balized food systems, supermarket chains in Sydney continue to control 70-80% of retailed food. Localized food systems are considered to be more expensive thereby; the supermarket chains are a great competition to the AFNs due to reduced costs of food (Morgan, et al. 2006). Food farms are mainly a venture of small-scale families and mainly specific migrant groups in and around Sydney are involved. Therefore, it becomes such a big burden for families to engage in such an involving task when they can easily obtain cheap food from the supermarket chains. The farmers lack the motivation required to engage in local AFNs due to time and changed customer attitudes as they prefer the conventional food stuffs (Adam 2002). Sydney continues to be the most productive region in Australia because of local climate and soil quality. The fact that increased urbanization has made agricultural land to be scarce hence challenging localized AFNs. However, this has been counteracted by the presence of tw o outer peri-urban fringes within the city. There is one which is within the vicinity of Hawkesbury River, northwest of Sydney’s city where fruit-growing extends west across the river up to the upland country. The other one is southwest of Sydney’s urbanized area on the edge of a wide rural transition region that leads to the grazing lands in the southern highlands, southwest of Sydney. Despite the fact that peri-urban districts exist to support localized AFNs, the future is uncertain due to climatic change ad environmental degradation. Agricultural land use has not been given much consideration due to the dire need of finding a balance with competitive uses for the peri-urban land. About 30% of land in Sydney is used for productive agriculture and transport systems that link suppliers to their consumers (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). The case of Sydney is one that requires great strategic interventions so as to improve the local AFNs since peak oil may affect the globalize d conventional food networks with regard to increased prices. Sydney has all along relied on conventional food networks and because of this human activity has affected the environment. The government needs to put appropriate policies in place that will preserve the available arable land to enhance localized AFNs which have got more advantages than disadvantages as discussed in this paper. References Adam, K., 2002. Community Supported Agriculture. ATTRA. Web. Brunori, G., 2007. Local Food and Alternative Food Networks: a Communication Perspective. Anthropology of Food. Web. Coley, D., et al. 2009. Local Food, Local Food Miles and Carbon Emissions: a Comparison of Farm Shop and Mass Distribution Approaches. Food Policy, 34, 150-155. Dixon, J., 2002. The Changing Chicken. Sydney: UNSW Press. Gaballa, S., Abraham, A., 2007. Food Miles in Australia: a Preliminary Study of Melbourne. Web. Hines, C., Lucas, C., Shiva, V., 2002. Local Food, Global Solution. The Ecologist, 32 (5), 38-40. Holden, P., UK Soil Association. In Lawrence, F., 2004. Not on the Label. London: Penguin. Holloway, L., et al. 2007. Possible Food Economies. Sociologia Ruralis, 47, 1-19. Kneafsey, M., et al. 2008. Reconnecting Consumers, Producers and Food: Exploring Alternatives. New York: Berg. Morgan et al., 2006. Worlds of Food: Place, Power and Provenance in the Food Chain. Oxford: Oxford UP. Nichol, L., 2003. Local Food Production: Some Implications for Planning. Planning Theory and Practice, 4, 409-27. Pederson R. Robertson, A., 2001. Food Policies are Essential for Healthy Cities. UA-Magazine. Renting, H., Mardsen, T., Banks, J., 2003. Understanding Alternative Food Networks: Exploring the Role of Short Food Supply Chains in Rural Development. Environmental and Planning, 35, 393-411. Steel, C., 2009. Hungry City. London: Vintage Books. Winter, M., 2002. Embeddedness, the New Food Economy and Defensive Localism. Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 23-32.

Gender Equity Issues in Literature and Everyday Life †English Research Paper

Gender Equity Issues in Literature and Everyday Life – English Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Gender Equity Issues in Literature and Everyday Life English Research Paper â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation,† states the Nineteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution (History). The definition of equity is based on treating people with equality and not creating that difference among individuals. Gender is the physical, behavioral, cultural, and psychological qualities associated with one sex. When combined, gender equity is the state of fairness or justice given to people of both sexes. Given that this â€Å"equity† has rarely been achieved, literature as life proclaims this as a major issue. In Sophocles’ play, Antigone, the main character Antigone is disobedient, impulsive, and temperamental. Against all prohibitions, she buries her brother because according to her, this is the message she had received from the gods. She considered this action to be the best thing she could have done. Being a female restricted her rights. Gender equity issues also exist in Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House. During all of Nora’s life, she has followed right behind her father and her husband. She does not know herself and has to leave them in order to gai n independence. Gender equity is not only seen in literature, it is an issue that us seen in our everyday life. It is commonly seen in sports and several other activities that include the participation of males and/or females. Throughout time, males and females have not shared equal rights. Although men and women are in most cases qualified for the same positions, they frequently do not get paid the same amount of money. Males have always dominated and are known for being â€Å"superior†. Women earn $0.765 when men earn $1.00 doing the same exact work. Wage discrimination, says Labor Secretary Alexis M. Herman, â€Å"remains an unfortunate reality for many women† (Elder 1). Even famous males and females do not get the same amount of money. For example, the NBA’s best basketball player, Shaquille ONeal, got $17.4 million this year. Meanwhile, the WNBAs best player, Cynthia Cooper, makes $75,798. They both play the same position and the same amount of time. Why is it that men get more than women? Our society has expectations about appropriate behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values for males and different others for females. Females are generally expected to be gentle and dependent, wh ile males are expected to be noisy, aggressive, and independent. Gender equity means equal access to participation in physical activity and sports, which both are positions of responsibility in sport organizations. In addition to sport wise activities, gender dissimilarity exists in such a way that it actually exist in salary between male and female university faculty members!. According to a 1998 report the Higher Education Research Institute, 63% of male professors are given a position, while only 43% female professors take status. According to that same report, the wage gap between the average full-time male and female professor was $7000.00, and ten years later, in 1999, the overall difference has dropped only $1000.00 to $6000.00. Wage salaries between men and women have always been unequal. In a university world, women are seen as the overloaded ones with student advising, and frequently pressures of family and motherhood. Therefore, having seen the perspective that women have, it is obvious that men get paid better. Public and private universities have different salaries for professors. For example, in a public independent university, a male is paid $67,175, while a female is paid $59,4 68, which is much less. In a private college, a male professor is paid $80,018, while a female is paid $69,455. The way in which professors are paid as a result of gender equity is absolutely unreasonable. If faculty does not include work created by women, the falculty is sending the message that women are not active contributors in that field of study. This happened recently in 2005, with Harvard’s Mathematics Department and chancellor (Sarah Banet-Weiser). It is hard to understand that there is a vast gap that exists between the rights of men and women. This is an issue that does not only exist in the difference of the wages of men and women, but this is gender equity issue also exist in other areas such as the media. Different Cultures around the world have as a stereotypical representation suggestion that men are always better than women, such as in the patriarchal family. Why does the man have to have superiority over the female of the house or family?. Men are portrayed as the intelligent, able, proficient and talented. Women in the other hand are portrayed as the inferior ones that are not capable of doing much. Family is the basis of ones life and it is the basis in which people learn as they grow into adulthood. Family values teach about the world and how individuals should interact with others. Gender roles are the basis of a family: the father is the head of the family, and the mother is responsible for the house. Gender roles are not influenced by family values; gender roles are nothing but prejudices under a different name. Gender role puts people into a mold of what other individuals wants them to be. Women in Ancient Greece were not citizens, held no property, and without a doubt were not even allowed out of the house except under guard. Antigone, the antagonist, rebels against the protagonist, Creon. At an early point in the play, Antigone is determined to carry her mission to bury her beloved brother to the grave with her. Antigone chooses to serve the gods while Creon makes the state his top priority. Creon is a strong-minded, stubborn tyrant who only cares for himself. Creon is flawless, unreasonable, and he gets too angry. In other words, he is a sexist ruler. He mentions that while he is alive, no woman shall rule over him. Denying someone the ability to do something makes him rebel. Creon shows his view that women are worthless when he speaks to his son: â€Å"Oh Haemon, never lose your sense of judgment over a woman. The warmth, the rush of pleasure, it all goes cold in your arms, I warn you†¦a worthless woman in my house, a misery in your bed† (Sophocles 4 0). â€Å"Because Antigone is a female, and her act so public and vocal, the offense becomes particularly heinous (Bovard 19). Creon states that Polynices, the traitor is not to be buried, but his sister, Antigone, challenges the order. Antigone is a great example of a symbol of feminism and is a classic tragic hero. She has the highest ideals of human life, courage and respect for the gods. She is the model for her society. Antigone proves an example of the responsibility women have when they are trusted with power, rather than kept at home. Creon chooses harsh punishments and stubborn paths because Antigone was a woman. Antigone looks forward on burying her brother as a natural right and duty. It is right, and it is her right. â€Å"She has tolerated it as the merely inevitable medium for what she has to do and endure, the honouring of her brother’s death and the suffering of her own. She has scorned the interval between the two. It is only now that she is forced to wait for her own death that her sense being in time begins to expand† (Poole 170). Creon is afraid he will look weak if he allows Antigones deed to go without punishment. The gods have not abandoned her, yet she has never required their help or questioned their consent. This insistence on her desire puts her in a line of tragic heroes. Antigones gender has profound effects on the significance of her actions. Creon himself says that the need to defeat her and her case is because of being a woman. The freedom of Greek women was extremely limited; the rules and regulations were immense. Antigones rebellion is especially threatening because it upsets gender roles and hierarchy. By refusing to be passive and flexible, she turns around the basic rules of her culture. There is a contrast between Antigone and Ismene. When faced with injustice, the two women react in very different ways. Ismene chooses to do nothing, and Antigone chooses to act. Later, Antigone proves again and again that she is the character with the most arrogance. She is perhaps the only character in the play that goes with her fate because that is her principle. Antigone places family before the law. A Doll’s House portrays a female viewpoint of a male-dominated society. These actions are described using the actions of a woman, Nora, who rebels against the injustices caused upon her gender. Gender inequity is the social expectation and she is not encouraged to work. She tells Christina Linden: â€Å"Well, and besides that, I made money in other ways. Last winter I was so lucky- I got a heap of copying to do. I shut myself up every evening and wrote far on into the night. Oh, sometimes I was so tired, so tired. And yet it was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man† (Ibsen 149). Nora’s departure was only a symbol of her liberty, the gesture of a newly awakened personality. Nora must decide where the line between right and wrong is drawn. In order to save her husbands life, Nora forges her fathers name on a promised note. Both women break the law using similar justifications. Both Antigone and Nora step into the spotlight as the female hero who has been put in a compromising situation and is forced to decide whether it is more important to follow what society dictates, or go with what they feel is moral and just. Antigone does so under the idea that the Gods dictated that all men deserved a proper burial. Likewise, Nora commits her crime with the belief that since it is saving a life, her situation is an exception to the rules. Both Creon and Helmer are arrogant men, who put too much value on their position of authority; Creon so much so that he is willing to put an order that disobey the laws of the Gods. Both men are close-minded and too stubborn to see that they could be wrong. When Nora reveals her crime to Helmer, the audience expects to see a grateful and understanding husband, but instead is greeted with a unpleasant and unappreciative man who does not see the true purpose of Noras deed. That i s why Nora and Antigone represent a part of the feminist world. They stand up for their beliefs and for what is right. Ball, J. Williams. â€Å"Images of American Political History.† September 31, 2004. Accessed October 5, 2004.. Keyword: History. Bovard, Karen. â€Å"Righteous Activist or Confrontational Madwoman: Sophocles’ Antigone (441 B.C.E.).† Women in Literature: Reading Through the Lens Of Gender/. Eds. Fisher, Jerylin and Ellen S. Silber. Westport, CT: Green Wood Press, 2003. 18-20. Elder, Larry. â€Å"Gender Gap Solution†: Fire the Men. June 8, 2000. Accessed October 5, 2004. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House.† World Literature. Ed. Donna Rosenberg. Lincoln Wood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group, 1995. 135-210. Poole, Adrian. Tragedy: Shakespeare and the Greek Example. New York: NY, 1987 Sophocles. â€Å"Antigone.† World Literature. Ed. Donna Rosenberg. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group, 1995. 14-65. Weiser, Banet Sarah. Gender Inequity in Academia. 2000-2001. The Newsletter Of the USC Academic Senate. May 23,2005. Research Papers on Gender Equity Issues in Literature and Everyday Life - English Research PaperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTrailblazing by Eric AndersonRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

M. Carey Thomas

M. Carey Thomas M. Carey Thomas Facts: Known for: M. Carey Thomas is considered a pioneer in womens education, for her commitment and work in building Bryn Mawr as an institution of excellence in learning, as well as for her very life which served as a model for other women. Occupation: educator, president of Bryn Mawr college, pioneer in womens higher education, feministDates: January 2, 1857 - December 2, 1935Also known as: Martha Carey Thomas, Carey Thomas M. Carey Thomas Biography: Martha Carey Thomas, who preferred to be called Carey Thomas and was known in her childhood as Minnie, was born in Baltimore to a Quaker family and educated in Quaker schools. Her father, James Carey Thomas, was a physician. Her mother, Mary Whitall Thomas, and her mothers sister, Hannah Whitall Smith, were active in the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). From her early years, Minnie was strong-willed and, after a childhood accident with a lamp and the subsequent convalescence, a constant reader. Her interest in womens rights began early, encouraged by her mother and aunt and increasingly opposed by her father. Her father, a trustee of Johns Hopkins University, opposed her wish to enroll at Cornell University, but Minnie, supported by her mother, prevailed. She earned a bachelors degree in 1877. Pursuing post-graduate studies, Carey Thomas was allowed private tutoring but no formal classes in Greek at the all-male Johns Hopkins. She then enrolled, with her fathers reluctant permission, at the University of Leipzig. She transferred to the University of Zurich because the University of Leipzig would not award a Ph.D. to a woman, and forced her to sit behind a screen during classes so as not to distract male students. She graduated at Zurich summa cum laude, a first for both a woman and a foreigner. Bryn Mawr While Carey was in Europe, her father became one of the trustees of the newly created Quaker womens college, Bryn Mawr. When Thomas graduated, she wrote to the trustees and proposed that she become the president of Bryn Mawr. Understandably skeptical, the trustees appointed her as professor of English and as dean, and James E. Rhoads was appointed president. By the time Rhoads retired in 1894, M. Carey Thomas was essentially performing all the duties of president. By a narrow margin (one vote) the trustees gave M. Carey Thomas the presidency of Bryn Mawr. She served in that capacity until 1922, serving also as dean until 1908. She stopped teaching when she became President, and focused on the administrative side of education. M. Carey Thomas demanded a high standard of education from Bryn Mawr and its students, influence by the German system, with its high standards but less freedom for students. Her strong ideas directed the curriculum. So, while other womens institutions offered many electives, Bryn Mawr under Thomas offered educational tracks that offered few individual choices. Thomas was willing to be more experimental with the colleges Phoebe Anna Thorpe school, where John Deweys educational ideas were the basis for the curriculum. Womens Rights M. Carey Thomas maintained a strong interest in womens rights (including work for the National American Woman Suffrage Association), supported the Progressive Party in 1912, and was a strong advocate for peace. She believed that many women ought not to get married and that married women ought to continue careers. Thomas was also an elitist and a supporter of the eugenics movement. She endorsed strict immigration quotas, and believed in the intellectual supremacy of the white race. In 1889, Carey Thomas joined with Mary Gwinn, Mary Garrett, and other women in offering a large gift to the Johns Hopkins University Medical School in exchange for ensuring that women would be admitted on an equal basis with men. Companions Mary Gwinn (known as Mamie) was a long-time companion of Carey Thomas. They spent time together at the University of Leipzig, and maintained a long and close friendship. While they kept details of their relationship private, it is often described, though the term wasnt used much at the time, as a lesbian relationship. Mamie Gwinn married in 1904 (the triangle was used by Gertrude Stein in a novels plot), and later Carey Thomas and Mary Garrett shared a house on campus. The wealthy Mary Garrett, when she died in 1915, left her fortune to M. Carey Thomas. Despite her Quaker heritage and childhood emphasizing simple living, Thomas enjoyed the luxury now possible. She traveled, taking 35 trunks to India, spending time in French villas, and living in a hotel suite during the Great Depression. She died in 1935 in Philadelphia, where she was living alone. Bibliography: Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. The Power and Passion of M. Carey Thomas. 1999.

Research the topic of Information Security Management from quality Paper

The topic of Information Security Management from quality - Research Paper Example A large number of small-to-medium sized enterprises have and are investing a substantial amount of capital and resources into their business to cement their place within the world of business (eCom Advisor, 2000). The latest networking technology not only helps them achieve this but also allows them to expand their business and upgrade their SME into a large enterprise. This paper would take a look at the security threats that an SME faces online and its need of information security management to tackle these threats. ... This exposes their data to threats such as phishing, Trojans, spam and viruses. These threats could have a serious impact on the daily operations of the business being conducted. Moreover these threats can even sometimes have long term effects that hinder in the company’s growth and become a reason towards the loss in the company’s productivity (GFI software, 2009). SMEs are usually restricted in terms of resources and finances. Any significant loss of data or leakage of secret information could destroy the entire business (GFI software, 2009). This means that data integrity is a vital component within a SME and can make or break its business. An effective Information security management allows businesses to implement various measures that would protect various data and assets that the business owns. Information security management not only allows an organization to tackle security threats that it faces but also allows it to measure the impact the attack would have on t he performance of the business (Alexander, Finch, & Sutton, 2008). Incident response management and disaster recovery Components of an incident: Before the discussion of an incident management system it is vital to understand what an incident is and what the components of an incident are. An incident is an event that occurs due to an action that is executed by a person or an individual. Usually the purpose of these actions is to cause harm to the working of the system or to the data contained within the system. It is vital to point out here that incidents are a subset of events. An incident comprises of three components event, incident response team and incident investigation (Molino, 2006). An event is an activity that causes a deviation of the system from its normal working. An event is

Dances With Wolves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dances With Wolves - Essay Example shows a deep understanding and appreciation for the cultures he comes into contact with and goes so far as to adopt their way of life as superior to that of his own previous way of life. When the film opens, Lieutenant Dunbar is faced with the unpleasant choice of either having his wounded leg amputated or choosing to die with it still attached; as did so many other soldiers of his time. However, rather than choosing the amputation, Dunbar decides he will commit suicide by charging the lines of the enemy and dying in a hail of bullets. However, his plan does not go according to planned as his action has the effect of rallying the troops behind him and winning the battle. As a reward for his actions, Dunbar is offered a transfer to any unit or regiment he can choose. Dunbar chooses to move West away from the horrors of the Civil War and into the mystery of the frontier (Costner 1990). His frontier life is far from what he expected as he soon finds himself all alone at an abandoned base; completely cut off from the outside world. It is at this point that the film develops into the story of how Dunbar begins to come into contact with the Native Americans in the surrounding regions to that of the base in which he alone guards. Rather than being hostile to these natives, Dunbar seeks to strike up a relationship with them and engage them in a form of conversation (although his language skills are non-existent). Rather than viewing the Native Americans around the fort as natural born enemies, Dunbar is intrigued by their lifestyle, their curiosity, and the means by which they have sought to survive even in the face of continuous attacks from white frontiersmen. Dunbar becomes so taken by the culture and lifestyle of these Native Americans that he abandons his post and seeks to live a life among them. The story further develops as Dunbar returns to the fort to retrieve a notebook of valuable information he encounters his former colleagues who capture and beat

Enron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Enron - Essay Example Enron also promoted a corporate culture of callousness when it arbitrarily ranked half of its employees as non-performer which it will eventually fire. The other half remaining may have remained in the company but adopted a corporate value system that is virulently greedy and fraudulent as promoted and reinforced by its leadership through its performance appraisals. What could Enron have done was to objectively reflect the value of its asset liability instead of misrepresenting them that provides the impression that the company was performing well when it was not. Also, Enron should have promoted a culture of excellence and integrity among its employees to continuously look for ways to improve instead of promoting the culture of greed. Arthur Andersen as an auditing should have maintained their objectivity and did not become a management consultant to Enron because that would construe as a conflict of interest. When it learned of Enron’s fraudulent accounting practice, it should have reported them to SEC instead of conniving to hide

Product Reassesment research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Reassesment - Research Paper Example Product reassessment gets conducted due to the product’s performance in the market. Market performance indicators may result to a product reassessment (Graham et al, 2008). This paper will discuss a reassessment of battery free remote control in the US market. The target markets for this product include retailers and consumers who are in search for battery free remote controls. Developing a marketing strategy involves the identification of a target market and coming up with a mix that will appeal to potential consumers. Developing an ideal market mix involves paying attention to factors such as price, product, and promotion. Target marketing involves selecting a viable target market by factoring in; the expected growth, size, cost to reach, competitive position and compatibility (Graham et al, 2008). Target marketing may undertake the single target market approach or multiple target market approach. In repositioning the target market for battery free remote control, branding i s essential as 76% of American consumers base their decision to purchase a product on its brand name (Kahn, 2011). The product’s retail market is also growing massively as large retailers offer exceptional demand for the product. A few of this retail chains own over 4000 chains in the US and thus provide ample appetite for the product (Kahn, 2011). Marketing research is vital to ensure that the product gets repositioned towards its target market. Research is crucial in determining how market mix influences customer behavior. In order to reposition the product to its target market, it is necessary to conduct positioning research (Graham et al, 2008). This will help the manufacturing firm to determine the perceptions of the target market in regards to their brand. Positioning research identifies how the target markets view the brand in relation to other brands from competitors. It helps the firm to understand what their brands stand for from the customers’ views (Graham et al, 2008). Positioning research will also help the firm to differentiate its products from those of other competitors. It will help the firm to develop its own position in the market with the view of appealing to its target market through its own product attributes. It is necessary to also conduct a segmentation research for the product. This will help the firm to identify the behavioral patterns of potential buyers. Segmentation research allows the firm to determine the demographic characteristics of the target market. Determining the demographic and behavioral patterns of potential buyers is vital in repositioning the product in the market. Demographic and behavior pattern data assists firm management to understand their target market while in the design process of the product. The data derived from such research helps the manufacturing firm to redesign the product in accordance with the target market’s taste and preferences. This will help to reposition the product in t he target market along competitor brands (Kahn, 2011). Adoption rates refer to speed with which new members of a society start to use new technology within a specified time (Kahn, 2011). To increase the adoption rate for the product, the firm should consider on the product pricing. The product should be offered at a competitive price by the firm. Competitive pricing will allow the target mark

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example From the study it is clear that Charles E. Schumer became a leader who finds common sense solutions to national issues. Moreover, Schumer has built a reputation for tirelessly fighting for New York by visiting all the 62 counties each year while talking to constituents on emerging issues and finding solutions. In practicing some of his policies and implementation, on March 16, 2015, Schumer blasted the current amendments by the federal department of housing and urban development of withdraw of federal funds promised to change housing units of towns and communities around New York City. This paper concerns the federal department which promised to change local infrastructure developments in the city to march with the current economic requirements on housing. Schumer policies on national development enabled him face the federal government and insisted on development that the national government and the federal government had earlier promised communities and towns within New York City. Schumer believes in reaching people and working with then through consultations to enable development. The federal government was to bring change to the towns of Elbridge, Skaneateles, and Onondaga, which he consistently pushed for the changes the federal government had earlier promised. The federal government approved CDBG funds within the communities in September 2014 and instead it became reluctant about the development. Schumer believes in transparency and accountability of the government in accomplishing some of their duties promised to the natives.

Case Study of Human Resources In Business Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Human Resources In Business - Case Study Example E.g., The several issue of support, political affairs, turnaround time, etc. The "red tape" a familiar concept deals with a larger organization. Less significant companies are almost certainly going to be inclined towards less ordered factors, such as lack of sustain, budget foresight or lack of budget, inadequate resources, no comprehensible funding to take projects. An additional feature almost and always identified in the smaller companies will be disorganization. A group of that stalk from be deficient in of method for example, is the a good hiring (HR) procedure in place Often not, and that way fresh staff may not be as systematically scrutinized and well-fit to the project or association. as a result, revenue could be elevated. Actually, there can be rise in the environmental factors without difficulty. By analyzing the nook and corner of an organization (or envision a unique situation). suppose "what troubles will be faced in a new environment," and observe the same with the final results. External resources have been used in this structure to symbolize what conventionally are named as suppliers, vendors, associates and joint-ventures, as well as public organisations, authoritarian boards, restricted communities, etc. they are employed to offer products or services necessary to achieve a given chore for the organization. The external environment is â€Å"Conditions, entities, events, and factors surrounding an organization which influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks. Also called operating environment.† (External environment, n.d). System of exterior resources has a wider outlook of the supply chain, together with the relations that resources might have which are not openly associated to supply the goods to the organization. Usually, monitoring of external resources on the company was done by the sum of funds spent by purchasing of the product and by identifying the expense

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example From the study it is clear that Charles E. Schumer became a leader who finds common sense solutions to national issues. Moreover, Schumer has built a reputation for tirelessly fighting for New York by visiting all the 62 counties each year while talking to constituents on emerging issues and finding solutions. In practicing some of his policies and implementation, on March 16, 2015, Schumer blasted the current amendments by the federal department of housing and urban development of withdraw of federal funds promised to change housing units of towns and communities around New York City. This paper concerns the federal department which promised to change local infrastructure developments in the city to march with the current economic requirements on housing. Schumer policies on national development enabled him face the federal government and insisted on development that the national government and the federal government had earlier promised communities and towns within New York City. Schumer believes in reaching people and working with then through consultations to enable development. The federal government was to bring change to the towns of Elbridge, Skaneateles, and Onondaga, which he consistently pushed for the changes the federal government had earlier promised. The federal government approved CDBG funds within the communities in September 2014 and instead it became reluctant about the development. Schumer believes in transparency and accountability of the government in accomplishing some of their duties promised to the natives.

Do you think UK stock market behaviour in 2009 was consistent with Essay

Do you think UK stock market behaviour in 2009 was consistent with efficient market theory - Essay Example The money available in the hand of the public was lesser than normal. The Government had to introduce a huge amount of money into the system to sustain the stability of the environment. (UK in for prolonged recession, 15th November, 2008). The state of the UK economy can be attributed to some of the policies of the banks in the country. Like the USA, the UK banks were providing loans during the â€Å"house bubble†. When the bubble burst out the banks were in serious debt. The status of the borrowers was not analyzed properly and this caused the downfall in the economy. The age-old values of honesty and hard work have to be imbibed in the system to recover fully from the downturn and the system should introduce a system to minutely analyze the credentials of the borrowers before offering them the money. (UK economic conditions, n.d.) As the investments pouring in the company reduced their activities in the business front. The companies were looking to reduce their costs and hence the economic conditions worsened. The effect of these activities had an impact on the stock market of the UK. The paper deals with the effect on the stock market during recession and its confluence with the efficient market theory. â€Å"The Efficient Market Theory† (EMT) is one of the most important theories that has risen in the context of the stock market. The main propaganda of the EMT is that information about the stock market is available to all. The information about various incidents enters the stock markets and is available to all. As a result, the stocks are influenced by the information and the price changes are related to it. Therefore, the investors cannot take undue advantage of the market and has to follow the similar trajectory of the other investors. Any form of fundamental and technical analysis does not help the situation of the investors. Therefore, no investor

Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Example for Free

Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Governments of developing countries are constantly scrambling to raise the revenues required to finance higher service demands expected by their citizens and the infrastructure (economic, social and environmental) that will enable them to grow the nation towards being industrialized. And to sustain the all imperative comparative advantage over neighbouring nations. Taxation revenues continue to be the main source of revenue for Government spending. This in turn requires well-designed tax policies (new taxes and tax reform) that are translated into clear legislation and are administratively feasible. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing these countries is to improve the effectiveness of their tax administrations.[1] Common Challenges Tax Administrations in developing country contend with the same range of challenges with developed nations, although the significance of typical collection issues may be greater. As a result these countries suffer significant losses in revenue collection. Introducing tax initiatives such as self-assessment and GST does alleviate the revenue leakages to certain extent, however the agencies capacity and capability to administer an effective and efficient taxation system is the ultimate determinant to maximizing collections. It has longed been realized that the existence of widespread tax evasion as part of the hidden economy is a critical concern to developing countries, as it is with developed nations. Hidden income can be defined to include legitimate earnings which are hidden actively or passively to evade tax, as well as illegal earnings derived from non-lawful operations and services. Without trivializing the complexity in dealing with the later type of evasion, the taxpayer’s perception of the administration influences their obligation behaviour. It’s more so evident in developing countries where the administration may not be seen by taxpayers as service organization nor as an active enforcer. For example, common trends include: Â  Inability for taxpayers to get information from or transact with the agency, either low responsiveness, inconsistent advice, multiple hand-offs, huge queues at the service counters etc. Assessments and refunds taking months to process, often taking over six months to make a refund No urgency for Taxpayers to get registered, especially with small to medium enterprise and self-employed Lodgments and payments not pursued actively by the agency, often resulting in over 30% of non-filers Accumulating Debt not pursued in a timely manner by the Agency. Over the years can amount to considerable loss in non-recoverable debt (ie. timing issue). Low level of compliance actively, in terms of education and enforcement. Taxpayer being audited is seen as just bad luck. The Problem The common complaint of the developing country’s tax administration is the lack of resources. In terms of priority, these agencies are more focused on transaction processing activities which are largely manually driven. They are constantly bogged down dealing with never ending processing back-logs, including low turn-around in assessments, refunds, audit cases, appeals, rulings and so on. A large portion of the administration’s staff would be devoted to these low-value activities, which actually does not grow the revenue. The executive management of these administrations is well connected to the best-practices being adopted elsewhere, and understands the positive application to their own environment. They are challenged by the expected rate of change imposed on their agency, constantly battling the needs of Government to collect more and implement new policies quickly, at a lower operational cost. Taxpayers who demand the same levels of services they come to expect from the commercial sector Employees who are frustrated no having the revenue-agency tools to deliver superior services or for effective compliance enforcement. In this hast to modernize the tax agency often turns to automation and Information Technology as the savior and try to implement large amounts of innovation in a short period. As examples, interactive internet service, imaging for data capture, data warehouse, mobile audit workbench, IVR/CTI. All of these are essential IT enablers for the business; however, they often fall short of delivering the benefits in improving service and compliance enforcement in developing countries. The solution Lesson learnt elsewhere tell us that certain characteristics of an agency are central to support business innovation (new ways of doing business) using IT. Without these characteristics, the agency would cripple its efforts to modernize. These characteristics are: Having the building blocks for tax processing, Registration, Lodgment, Payment and Policing. High level of data quality Effective Change Management ability Building Blocks for Tax Processing The main functions of a tax administration, in dealing with taxpayers, aside from actual tax collection or sanctioning non-compliance, largely involve gathering and processing information. The four interrelated blocks are: Registration: Identify potential taxpayers and register taxpayers. Each taxpayer would be identified via a tax identification number and contact details are maintained. This information is core all business activities and imperative to maintain accurate and completed details. Lodgement: Capture, quickly process and record information to assist taxpayers in meeting their tax obligation. Non-lodgment needs to be managed [1] Developing The International Dialogue on Taxation, A Joint Proposal by the Staffs of the IMF, OECD and World Bank, 13 March 2002.

Precipitation Test of Cations and Anions :: Chemistry Lab

Qualitative Analysis Purpose: In this lab, we would tests the ions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, and enable each to be identified separately. And by using these observations, we could also identify an unknown. We also would tests the ions of SO42-, CO32-, Cl-, and I-, that also enable each to be identified separately, and to be use to identify the unknown. Safety: Chemicals include toxic. Remember to wash hands after the experiment. Procedure Summary; Part I - Qualitative Analysis of Group 2 Elements We first mix 0.02M K2CrO4 with each Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, we mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 instead of 0.02M K2CrO4 together with the same reactants used before. Thirdly, we mix 0.1M Na2SO4 as the added reagent. Then, we mix 0.1M NaOH as the added reagent before. Precipitates should forms for some, and be recorded in Table 1 with observations. At last, we obtain an unknown solution to identify the cation by mixing it with the 4 reagents we used before. Part II- Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions We first mix 1M HNO3 with each Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaI together. Repeat these steps by placing 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 instead of 1M HNO3. Then mix1M HNO3 for the onces that formed precipitates. Repeat the first step by placing 0.1M AgNO3 instead of 1M HNO3. Divded the contents of the ones that contains ppt in half, then add 6M NH3 to one set of them and for the other set add 1M HNO3. Using these observation, we obtain and identify an unknown union. All observations should be recorded in Table 2. Pre-lab Questions: 1. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is a set of procedures used to identify a particular ion or a sample. Quantitative analysis is used to identify the amount of ion presence in a solution. 2. What type of reaction will use to identify the cation in part I? Double replacement and precipitate-forming reaction will be used to Precipitation Test of Cations and Anions :: Chemistry Lab Qualitative Analysis Purpose: In this lab, we would tests the ions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, and enable each to be identified separately. And by using these observations, we could also identify an unknown. We also would tests the ions of SO42-, CO32-, Cl-, and I-, that also enable each to be identified separately, and to be use to identify the unknown. Safety: Chemicals include toxic. Remember to wash hands after the experiment. Procedure Summary; Part I - Qualitative Analysis of Group 2 Elements We first mix 0.02M K2CrO4 with each Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, we mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 instead of 0.02M K2CrO4 together with the same reactants used before. Thirdly, we mix 0.1M Na2SO4 as the added reagent. Then, we mix 0.1M NaOH as the added reagent before. Precipitates should forms for some, and be recorded in Table 1 with observations. At last, we obtain an unknown solution to identify the cation by mixing it with the 4 reagents we used before. Part II- Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions We first mix 1M HNO3 with each Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaI together. Repeat these steps by placing 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 instead of 1M HNO3. Then mix1M HNO3 for the onces that formed precipitates. Repeat the first step by placing 0.1M AgNO3 instead of 1M HNO3. Divded the contents of the ones that contains ppt in half, then add 6M NH3 to one set of them and for the other set add 1M HNO3. Using these observation, we obtain and identify an unknown union. All observations should be recorded in Table 2. Pre-lab Questions: 1. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is a set of procedures used to identify a particular ion or a sample. Quantitative analysis is used to identify the amount of ion presence in a solution. 2. What type of reaction will use to identify the cation in part I? Double replacement and precipitate-forming reaction will be used to